3.        Develop the theme of rising sectionalism in the late 1820s and 1830s. Show how the assertion of states’ rights and nullification in the tariff controversies reflected growing southern fears of northern political and economic power.

 

*election of 1824

àdifferent from past elections because support of candidates was mainly sectional. Adams controlled mainly the New England region, while Jackson dominated the south and west.

*election of 1828

            à sectional ideas remain same as previous election

à Jackson elected president.

à Although Jackson had a strong belief in nationalism, sectionalism was on the         rise soon after the election.

*Causes of sectionalism

à Supporters of Jackson, angry after losing the election of 1824, pushed for an extremely steep tariff to make Adams look bad called the Tariff of Abominations. They thought that southern congressmen would vote down the tariff, angering pro-tariff supporters in the north to vote Adams out of office because they would feel it was his fault. Unfortunately, the tariff was passed.

àJackson refused to nullify the tariff because he felt it would be going against his own federal government. South feared that the tariffs were benefiting the north and making them more powerful. South Carolina eventually seceded after 1832 because the tariff was not nullified.

   à Slavery was another controversial issue relating to sectionalism. Northerners were anti-            slavery and southerners were pro-slavery.

Samantha Bailey

 

10.     Provide more material on the “five civilized tribes,” particularly the Cherokees, and discuss their fate during and after the “Trail of Tears.”

 

The five civilized tribes were the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Creek and Seminole. They inhabited southeastern America. They were refered to as civilized because they assimilated into the American culture, leaving behind many tribal traditions and lifestyles. Despite this assimilation thier lands were coveted by whites, and they were tricked and forced into moving to designated Indian Territory, which is modern day Oklahoma. Those who went peacefully, such as the Creek Confederation, did not face many casualties on the journey. Tribes who were forced by the military, such as the Cherokee Nation, Face a lot of hardship and death on the journey to the Indian Territory. This journey was called the Trail of Tears.

 

1.The Creek included the Muscogee, Hitchiti and Yamassee tribes.  They lived primarily in Georgia. In 1826 their Chief ceded their lands and they were removed to Oklahoma.

 

2. The Cherokee were a single tribe with 7 clans. Lived in western South Carolina, Tennessee, and Northern Georgia. Developed a written language, adopted western culture. Gold was found on their land and they were forcefully removed to Oklahoma on the trail of tears. An estimated 4000 Cherokee died during the removal.

 

3.The Chickasaw lived in the Mississippi are, but as far north as Ohio and as far east as Georgia. They were also divided into clans. Often were in war with other tribes, often the other four civilized tribes, warlike people. Began to move to Oklahoma, by 1834 they were all removed.

 

4. the Choctaw lived in Alabama. Made of 3 groups, each with their own chief. Despite the removal, on group remain and lives near Philadelphia, Mississippi on a reservation.

 

5.The Seminole were from Florida. Joined with escaped slaves. Some stayed and fought the removal. Some still reside in the Everglades.

 

About 90,000 Native Americans were moved to Indian Territory. Upon their entering Oklahoma, they continued to live as a civilized people. They built towns with schools and churches. They farmed and continued to own slaves. Gradually, as Oklahoma was too ‘taken by the white man’, they were given land called reservations dotted across the country. (map of reservations http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0778676.html) . Today they receive a sort of indian welfare from the federal government, and many states offer benefits, such as free state college tuition for those who can prove they are ¼ Native American.

 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes

 

http://www.nativeamericans.com/FiveCivilizedTribes.htm

 

http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0778676.html

Curt J. Santos

AP US History 1

Chapter 13 Question #10

 

Q.10) Provide more material on the “Five Civilized Tribes”, partically the Cherokees, and discuss their fate during and after the “Trial of Tears”.

 

         The Five Civilized Tribes of Native Americans were the Cherokee, Chicasaw, Choctaw, Creek and Seminoles. These tribes were considered civilized because they developed some of the white man’s  customs. Some became farmers of plantations and others became artisans of certain crafts. The most information we have from the lives of these nations during this time is from the Cherokee tribe. The Cherokees actually tried hard to mix in with the Southern cultures. Many of them began adopting their methods of lifestyle, work and religion (to an extent). Then there were troubles between the natives and the whites because the natives land where they were on were supposedly said to contain gold and had rich fertile soil for the cash crops grown in the South.

         In the court case The Cherokee Tribe v. The State of Georgia it is ruled that the natives have the right to their land but they will not be defended by any American soilders. From then on the natives were harassed and attacked by many whites to scare them off their own land. Finally Andrew Jackson passed his Indian Removal Act which was passed in Congress in 1830. The army then gave the natives two choices: leave the land in peace or be forced to leave. Many of the Native Americans were actually were actually raided by U.S. soilders and from their they were forced to leave on their way to this unknown land made for them.

         Along this Trial of Tears to the newly chartered Indian Territory, many of the native people died of starvation and disease. When they all settled on the new land it commenced 15 years of civil war between all Cherokee nations. From the survivors of the civil war between their own nation either got involved with the California Gold Rush and from their the Civil War. This occurred with many of the other tribes as well. Conflict arose due to the change of enviorment and along with the mixture of the Indian culturesd as a whole. These tribes also took place in the Civil War (Confederates) and created their own type of tribal government. The removal of the Native Americans severly devistated their tribes in the ways they lived before their removal and the lifestyles they now had to deal with after the removal. In conclusion the the removalof the Five Civil Tribes ruined their tribal ways in their own lands nad made them attempt to adapt to this new land where many problems arose for the tribes removed.

 

Samuel Carter, author of Cherokee Sunset, writes: "Then ... there came the reign of terror. From the jagged-walled stockades the troops fanned out across the Nation, invading every hamlet, every cabin, rooting out the inhabitants at bayonet point. The Cherokees hardly had time to realize what was happening as they were prodded like so many sheep toward the concentration camps, threatened with knives and pistols, beaten with rifle butts if they resisted." Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee

Kristen King

11/14/06

 

 

 

6.  Show how the Whigs turned the Democrats’ own political techniques against them in the “log-cabin and hard-cider campaign” campaign of 1840.

 

The campaign of 1840 was heavy on image making rather then on substance.  Martin Van Buren was the candidate for the Democrats while William Henry Harrison was the candidate for the Whigs.  For regional balance and to attract support from the south, John Tyler was selected as the candidate for vice president.  Their strategy was to win the election by avoiding discussion of difficult national issues such as slavery or the national bank.  Harrison was the first president to campaign actively for office.  He came up with the slogan “Tippecanoe and Tyler, too!”  The Democrats laughed at him for being to old and referred to him as “Granny”.  One observed that Harrison would probably be just as happy with a jug of hard cider to sip in front of his log cabin as serving as president.  The Whigs, who wanted to give the public what they wanted, took advantage of this statement and declared that Harrison was “the log cabin and hard cider candidate.”  They said that he was a man of the common people from the rough-and-tumble West.  They also depicted Van Buren as a wealthy snob who was out of touch with the people.  This in fact was false and neither portrayal was accurate.    Harrison came from a wealthy and prominent family and had many aristocratic qualities while Van Buren was from a poor, hard working family who was a firm believer in Democratic values.  The Whigs in this election used this statement as propaganda to help them win the election.  In fact they did they did win the election by a landslide in the electoral votes, which were 234 for Harrison and 60 for Van Buren, but the popular vote was close, which was 1,275,612 for Harrison and 1,130,033 for Van Buren. 

 

 

www.u-s-history.com/pages/h300.html

www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_Cabin_Campaign

Good Post.  Do you agree with Jackson's desire to "wipe the state clean,"  I guess i always agreed with his democratic support of the "common man," but I think there's always something ill oppose to any man's opinion.  This was the age in which the methods of accountability for the american judiciary was transformed drastically.  The age of Jackson had so many important things happening, i recently learned that the judiciary transformation was more important than i ever realized, and apparently the spoils system as well, seeing along with the political machines it started the basis of todays governement.  Interesting post Jessica!

Jillian, how do you tie all of those facts together?  Can you state it in one sentence?

What did or can you find concerning how Native Americans lived after they had been removed from the land east of the Mississippi River?

Kelsey Rae wrote:

---

 They planned to avoid discussion of difficult national issues such as slavery or the national bank.             

 

and

 

The Whigs, in response to this, and still determined and eager to win, decided in order to do so, they must give the public what they wanted. 

---

 

Kelsey, when you mentioned that political parties avoided national issues like slavery and the bank, you made me think of current politicians and recent elections.  How do you think it's possible to bring up issues that candidates may be avoiding?  How can the voters determine the issues discussed and debated rather than the politicians?

You also mentioned that politicians then tried to give the public what it wanted.  This was the beginning of propagandizing elections.  I have two questions: what do you think voters really want in a candidate today and do you think it will ever be possible to have elections simply based on issues and not on image, presentation, personal style, etc.?

What does anyone think?

The election of 1840 was between Martin Van Buren and William Henry Harrison. Van Buren being the Democrats choice and Harrison the Whigs. Both parties tried to blacken each other’s candidates name in many different ways. The Whigs, for example, renamed Martin Van Buren “Martin Van Ruin.” One Democratic reporter called Harrison “ a poor farmer who should be content with a pension, a log cabin and a barrel of hard cider” as a way to insult the western candidate. The Whigs turned this around and portrayed Harrison as a hardworking farmer who was for the poor man. They said he was there to cleanse the white house of Jackson’s corrupt spoils men. The Whigs served cider at rallies to get people to like Harrison more. They also decided not to write an official platform, as a way to gain more votes. Some supporters of the Whig party, to discredit Van Buren, wrote poems about his aristocratic lifestyle and drew pictures of him choking on hard cider. In the end Harrison was victorious, beating Van Buren with an electoral margin of 234 to 60.

Makeda, your post was very good. It was straight to the point and contained a lot of facts that I had and my page was longer. I would much rather read something like yours good job!

10.  Provide more material on the "five civilized tribes," particularly the Cherokees, and discuss their fate during and after the "Trail of Tears."
 

The "five civilized tribes" were the Cherokees, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole.
 
The Cherokees:
Upon European settlement in Cherokee land, the Natives adopted well the the foreigners customs. The Cherokee even took to agricultural economy. Over 90 percent of the Cherokees land was ceded to other settlers between 1721 and 1819. The Cherokee also established a formal governing system with a written constitution by 1820. In 1830, gold was found on Cherokee land. This increased the want for Indian land.  The Cherokees took their case of removal to the Supreme Court.  In 1832, the court finally agreed with the Cherokees on the matter.  Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that "the Cherokee Nation was sovereign, making the removal laws invalid." The United States began to remove the Indians to Oklahoma in 1838.
 
The Chickasaw:
The Chickasaw were originally from Mississippi and most currently live in Oklahoma.  The Chickasaw are related to the Choctaw.  The two groups of the Chickasaw are the "Impsaktea" and the "Intcutwalipa."
 

The Choctaw:
The Choctaw were originally from Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana.  They mixed European culture and technology with their own, which is why they were considered one of the "Five Civilized Tribes."
 
The Creek:
The Creek’s original name was Muscogee.  They lived in self-governing villages located throughout the states of Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama.  Several languages were spoken among them.
 
The Seminole:
The Seminole were originally from Florida.  Some still live there, while others live in Oklahoma.  About 3, 000 Seminoles were forced west of the Mississippi River.  However 300-500 remained and fought in the Everglades of Florida.  African Americans who had escaped slavery in South Carolina and Georgia joined the Seminole ways.
 
When the American Civil War broke out, these tribes divided over who to support.  The Choctaw and the Chickasaw supported the Confederates, and the Creek, Seminole, and Cherokee were divided between supporting the Union and the Confederacy.  The United States government promised Native Americans that their new land in the Indian Territory would be free of white settlers.  This promise, however, was violated just like many made before it.  Many Native Americans perished on the "Trail of Tears." Causes of their death included disease, hunger, poor weather conditions, and road conditions.
 

http://www.rosecity.net/tears/trail/tearsnht.html
 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes
 
http://ngeorgia.com/history/nghisttt.html

Chapter 13

 

7.        Contrast the earlier elitist method of selecting presidents (reflected in the four-way election of 1824) with the new, more democratic political methods, including national conventions and noisy popular campaigns.

 

 

 

If you compare the election of 1824 to the election of 2000 you will see several differences. The election of 1824 had four running candidates where the election of 2000 had three running candidates in the general election. The election of 1824 had candidates of all the same party (Democratic-Republican) and as opposed to 2000 where the candidates were of the Democratic, Republican, and the Green party.

                In the election process of both times were about the same. The 12th Amendment states that the person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. The difference between the two were that in the election of 1824 no candidate running received a majority of the electoral votes. Andrew Jackson though had won the popular vote and gained the most votes by the electoral college. The House of Representatives had proceeded to choose a president, John Quincy Adams. In the election of 2000 Al Gore won the popular vote but George Bush had won the majority of the Electoral vote declaring him the president.

                Campaigns today are a lot about how much money the candidate running is backed up by. In order to assure success the candidates invest millions upon millions into their campaigns. Commercials are a popular way of campaigning which obviously weren’t around in the 1800’s and cost a great deal of money.

Candidates often tour the country on planes and busses to meet towns in many states to assure their support by the people, which we can see by the election of 2000, isn’t always important when it comes down to a couple hundred thousand votes.

Melissa Gomes                                                                   November 14, 2006

AP US History                                                                     Chapter 13

Computer Lab Assignment

 

9. Focus on Jackson’s personality, particularly his fierce animosities against his enemies, and the secrets of his appeal as a symbol of democracy and the common person.

 

Thomas Jefferson once said, "His passions are terrible, he is a dangerous man" the man he is speaking of is none other than Andrew Jackson. Nicknamed "Old Hickory" because he was renowned for his toughness, Jackson was the a rough military hero and he was regarded by many as the symbol and spokesman of the common person. Jackson entered the White House in 1829 after winning the second of two vigorously fought election campaigns. Through his forceful personality, he restructured the office of the president and helped shape the Democratic Party as the prototype of the modern political organization. Like many other Presidents who have won important power struggles, he was a fighter. He was in fact the most violent-tempered man ever to rise to the presidency.

In office, Jackson greatly enhanced the power and prestige of the presidency. While each member of Congress represented a specific regional constituency, only Jackson represented all the people of the United States. Jackson convinced many Americans that their votes mattered. He espoused a political ideology of “democratic republicanism” that stressed the common peoples’ virtue, intelligence, and capacity for self-government. He also expressed a deep disdain for the “better classes,” which claimed a “more enlightened wisdom” than common men and women.

Jackson's career exemplified, and in many ways molded, the contradictory forces at work in the democratization of the early Republic. In his appeals to the common man, his attacks on privileged wealth, and his help in building a new sort of mass political party, he advanced the causes of equal rights and majoritarian democracy. Yet those advances went hand in hand with the continued subjugation of Native Americans and a determination not to disturb the slavery issue. Jackson stood for a more egalitarian America, but his vision of democracy stopped squarely at the color line.

• 
  http://www.americanpresident.org/history/andrewjackson/biography/resources/Articles/KunhardtJacksonBio.article.shtml
  
• 
  http://ap.grolier.com/article?assetid=0219960-00

10. Provide more material on the “five civilized tribes”, particularly the Cherokees, and discuss their fate during and after the “Trail of Tears.”

 

            The Trail of Tears refers to the great movement of Native American people, most particularly the Cherokees, from their southern lands to the Indian Reservation in the west, which is modern day Oklahoma. It resulted from the enforcement of the Treaty of New Echota by the federal government on the Cherokee people.

            The Treaty of New Echota was signed by representatives of the federal government and a few Cherokee people but never by any offical representatives of the Cherokee and therefore they refused to acknowledge it. However the federal government eventually didn’t give them any chose and forced them out.

            Thousands of Cherokees were forced to march many hundreds of miles to the Indian territory. All of their possesions were left behind and on the way they had minimal facilites and food. Even those who went by boat had equally horrible conditions, although it was a faster means of transportation.

            The first group to leave lost huge amounts of people due to the indifference of the army commanders and how hard they pushed them. It was only when Pricipal Chief John Ross begged General Winfield Scott to let him lead his people west that most of the dying stoped. Ross organized the Native Americans into small groups and then had leaders for each lead them through the woods so that they could forage for food. All together about 4,000 Cherokee people had died along the Trail of Tears or as they call it The Trail Where We Cried.

            Many more died when they got to the Indian Territory from disease and food shortages. Shortly after they reorganized their government under John Ross and killed the three men who had signed the Treaty of New Echota.

            After the American Civil War they were destoned to lose even more land to the government. From that point on the Cherokees have mostly remained in the Indian Territory although many people can claim the Cherokees as ancestors.

3.        Develop the theme of rising sectionalism in the late 1820s and 1830s. Show how the assertion of states’ rights and nullification in the tariff controversies reflected growing southern fears of northern political and economic power.

 

The election of 1824 was a politically sectional campaign. Andrew Jackson was the winning candidate in the west and south, where his policies and his “common man” persona were understood and admired. John Quincy Adams was the choice in the North, where his elitist policies were most beneficial. When Adams won, Jacksonians were outraged, and caused a commotion for 4 years until the Election of 1828 when Jackson won a huge victory over Adams who was running for a second term.

 

While Adams was still in office, the Jacksonian leaders in Congress had created the Tariff of 1828, hoping to make it such an outrageous plan that every section of Congress would vote it down, and this would give Adams another black mark on his record. Unfortunately, the bill passed and when Jackson took office, the “Tariff of Abominations” was one of the biggest problems for his administration. The Jackson Administration had also turned opinion on Adams against him, creating a bad reputation for the ex-president. In turn, the Adams party took low blows at Jackson and his family. This was a new method of political mudslinging that had never been seen in American politics before.

 

While all this was going on, the South was suffering under the Tariff of Abominations. The South sold all their products without tariffs, yet all their imports had high tariffs. Also, the South felt that they were the only area that was not being allowed to expand. The prices of cotton were falling, and land was growing more and more crowded. When John C. Calhoun wrote “The South Carolina Exposition”, he called for the nullification of the Tariff by every state. South Carolina was alone in this struggle, considering it was believed that Jackson would sympathize with the South and veto the tariff. The problem continued in 1832 when Congress created the Tariff of 1832, which helped to get rid of most of the worst components of the Tariff of 1824. South Carolina’s legislature declared the 1832 tariff to be void within S.C borders. They also threatened to secede from the Union if the Tariff of 1824 was not nullified.

 

In a last attempt to preserve the Union, Jackson sent the army and navy into South Carolina to force the South Carolinians down .This was his vicious national policy coming through, trying to go up against the growing feelings of sectionalism that were spreading through the country.

 

hah last minute post!

Great Job Curt! You used a lot of information and brought it out in a way that definitely taught me alot about those tribes, a lot that i didn't know! Great post!

6.      Show how the Whigs turned the Democrats’ own political techniques against them in the “log-cabin and hard-cider” campaign of 1840.

 

William Henry Harrison was the first Whig to campaign for office.  He and vice president nominee John Tyler had a slogan- “Tippecanoe and Tyler too.” This referred to Harrison’s victory over Shawnee Indians at an Ohio river.  Some Democrats made fun of Harrison because he was old to be president.  In one of the Democratic newspapers it said to just give him a barrel of hard cider and he’ll live the rest of his life in a log cabin. 

The Whigs then called Harrison the “log cabin and hard cider candidate.”  They also said that his Democratic opponent Martin Van Buren was a rich snob, when in reality, he came from a poor family.  Harrison was really the rich one.

In the end, the Whigs proved to be well-accomplished campaigners, because Harrison won the election.  He and the Whigs turned the Democrats’ words around to defeat them tremendously.   

                                                                                   _Krystal 

 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_Cabin_Campaign 

Wow Samantha that was really good. You provided a lot of information on each of the five civilized tribes and you provided really good info. about what happened after they arrived in Oklahoma. However you didn't put a lot about what happened during the Trail of Tears itself. Still really good.

The Five Civilized Tribes are: Creek, Cherokee, Seminole, Chickasaw and Choctaw.

The Creek: http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/northamerica/creek_indians.html

The Creek’s original name is Muskogee.  When the British arrived in the Americas, they preferred not to pronounce their tribal name, which was particularly difficult to pronounce.   Thus, this group of Native Americans grew to adopt the name “Creek” which comes from their geographical location in Northern Georgia.  The Creek were a highly civilized tribe and had its own form of government that consisted of a Chief, Assistant Chief, and a Chief Speaker.  The Creek was actually more than one tribe.  The population was about 400 to 600 people, but often fluctuated due to the withdrawal or acceptance of other tribes into this ‘little nation’.  The Creek was the smallest of the Civilized Tribes.  It is believed that the reason for these tribal alliances was to protect against enemy tribes.  Unfortunately these partnerships were not strong enough to stand up against the Indian Removal Act.  The Creek fought many battles against the federal army.  The battle of Lumpkin was a harsh defeat for the Creek Indians.  The Federal Army was too strong for one group of people to fight.  The Creek, along with the other civilized tribes, were pushed west to Oklahoma nonetheless.  They faced harsh conditions and perished in great numbers along the way. 

 

The Seminole: http://www.keyshistory.org/seminolespage1.html

The Seminole tribe, like most American tribes, can be traced 12,000 years back.  They survived by hunting and fishing, but later quit hunting due to American tourists.  They eventually became part of American economy and worked as farmers.  The Seminole were one of the 5 civilized tribes and lived in Florida until 1821 when Florida was still controlled by Spain.  They were originally affiliated with the Creek Confederation, but later joined with another group of Native Americans and officially became the Seminole.  Florida consisted of rich and fertile lands and American settlers were moving their farms more closely to the Seminole civilizations.  The white settlers wished to remove the Indians in order to obtain more land.  Not to mention, many black slaves would escape from their plantations and seek shelter from the Seminole.  Angry slave owners and other Americans fought against the Seminoles, such as Andrew Jackson.  Their battles consisted of 3 Seminole Wars.  As a result of the wars, Spain handed over its Florida territory to the US.  Also, a majority of the tribes lost hope and no longer wished to fight.  As a result, they were immediately moved to Oklahoma along the Trail of Tears.  3000 Seminoles were forced westward to Oklahoma and Arkansas.

 

 Chickasaw: http://www.utm.edu/departments/acadpro/library/departments/special_col lections/wc_hist/chksaw.htm

 The Chickasaw were known as great warriors and lived near the Tombigbee River in Mississippi.  In 1600, they only had a population of about 5000, thus were considered a very small group compared to the Cherokee and Choctaw.  They claimed hunting land in Tennessee and Kentucky.  In peacetime, they did not live in towns but in scattered tribes.  When war was an issue, the Chickasaw would come together as one, large, civilized tribe.  They were in incredible shape, and when they fought in battle and were taken as captives, they worked on plantations with the slaves.  By the 1700s, they were living on confused territory between America and Spain.  Both countries wanted the territory.  When the Indian Removal act was issued, many fought back.  However, a great number of Chickasaw also signed treaties giving land to the Americans as well.  Many continued to live on American soil as mill workers or farmers.  Others were sent to Oklahoma where they later got land rights.

 

Choctaw: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choctaw

The Choctaw were scattered and very divided during the Revolutionary War, in which they sided with the British, Spanish, and the newly forming United States.  This division made the Choctaw alliance weaker than other tribes; however, they later came back together after the revolution and became allies to the United States. They refused to aid other countries other than the US.  They were great traders with Americans, therefore, affected the economy.  However, their supposed alliance with the US was not affective, when Andrew Jackson issued the Indian removal act.  Like the other civilized tribes, they attempted to fight back.  However, most of them signed treaties such as: Treaty of Hopewell, Treaty of Fort Adams, and the Treaty of Fort Confederation.  The most important treaty was Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, in which it signed away the rest of the Choctaw land.  Men, women and children were basically herded west.

 

The Cherokee: http://ngeorgia.com/history/nghisttt.html

The Cherokee are perhaps the most famous or well known group of the 5 Civilized Tribes.  They were located in and around North and South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky, and northern Alabama.  They were perhaps the largest tribe in the US at the time, however, before the United States was formed, the Europeans met with the Cherokee and unfortunately killed off 75% of their population with diseases.  Despite this decrease in population the Cherokee ranged in about 50,000 peoples.  They lived in about 200 villages, each consisting of 70 homes and a meeting house in the middle of the village.   They were primarily an agricultural group of people.  The Cherokee were essential traders with the British and other European countries before the US revolted from England. When the colonists won the revolutionary war, American settlers began moving west in great numbers.  The Cherokee was such a large population and lived off of much of the land wanted by white settlers.  When Andrew Jackson passed the Removal Acts, at first the government did not force the Cherokee to move because they were not a sovereign nation.  In the issue of Worcester vs. Georgia, the Chief Justice John Marshall ruled in favor of the Cherokee nation.  The Cherokee could only agree to the Removal Act with a signature.

However, when the Cherokee began to scatter and slowly divided. Major Ridge and John, and Elias Boudinot were all sons of Chief John Ross.  They advocated removal after signing the Treaty of New Echota.  After that, men, women, and children were taken from their land and forced to walk the long distance to the edge of the Mississippi, where they would cross the river by ship, and then march on into Oklahoma.  4000 Cherokee died along the way, one of the greatest losses on the Trail of Tears.  Death was primarily caused by disease, hunger, dehydration, and exhaustion.  It is a sad moment to look back at in history.

10.     Provide more material on the “five civilized tribes,” particularly the Cherokees, and discuss their fate during and after the “Trail of Tears.”

 

     “The Trail Where They Cried,
        nu na hi du na tlo hi lu I”

The “five civilized tribes” were the Cherokees, Creek, Choctaws, Chickasaws and Seminoles. During the 1800’s, the American government and their people forced the Native Americans to move away from the southern states and into the “Indian Territory”, now known as Oklahoma. Oklahoma conveniently means “red people”. It was promised by treaty, to be the Indians’ promised land and to be theirs "for as long as grass grows and water flows." That in turn meant until the greedy Americans wanted more land. Around the 1820’s, these civilized tribes formed republican-style governments including courts, laws, and even a constitution. A great example of a Native American tribe that were almost quit possibly American were the Cherokees. They dressed, talked, prayed, and did everything possible like the Americans to fit in. For a while it worked. Then man got land hungry. They wanted to seek gold. All treaties made to protect them were void. The government continued to push them away. There was nothing more the Cherokees could have done to be more American. The only thing they couldn't do was be American. The Indian Removal Act was passed by the Twenty-First Congress of the United States. President Andrew Jackson signed the bill after many months of debate. They first started to remove the Cherokees from Georgia. They ripped them out of their land and even after many courts cases between the Cherokees and Georgia, they stilled had to continue to move west. All laws that were meant to protect them no longer existed. The other civilized tribes had similar problems like the Seminoles and Florida. Over the course of 10 years more then 70,000 Native Americans died in the moving to Oklahoma. This was called the “Trail of Tears.” Many died due to famine and disease. This awful event will be remebered in history for decades to come.The pain and suffering these Native Americans had to face will never go away.

 

 

"We, the great mass of the people think only of the love we have to our land for...we do love the land where we were brought up. We will never let our hold to this land go...to let it go it will be like throwing away...[our] mother that gave...[us] birth."
(Letter from Aitooweyah, to John Ross, principal chief of the Cherokees.)

 

 

http://www.thepeoplespaths.net/articles/princes.html

http://www.powersource.com/cocinc/history/trail.htm

 

http://www.slaveryinamerica.org/history/hs_es_indians_slavery.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes 

Makeda- Good job on getting information.  I had the same question with some of the same info.  You also had other facts that I didn't even think of. 

6.        Show how the Whigs turned the Democrats’ own political techniques against them in the “log-cabin and hard-cider” campaign of 1840.

 

When a candidate running for president portrays himself as a “common man” or a “man of the people”  he is considered to be a running a “log cabin campaign”.  William Henry Harrison of the Whig party ran on this idea in the election of 1840.  Harrison’s opponent in the election of 1840 was Martin Van Buren who was running as a democrat.  Harrison’s party tried to make Van Buren look like a rich arrogant man who did not associate with the common folk.  In reality, Van Buren was very poor and very hardworking while Harrison was from a well off family.  Harrison’s main idea in his campaign was to turn the people against Van Buren.  He made rumors and even gave Van Buren the name “Martin Van Ruin” to trick voters into thinking that he wasn’t a good man.  Harrison’s running mate for vice president was John Tyler from the South.  Together they avoided speaking out on major issues such as the bank and slavery.  The Whig’s blamed the depression on Van Buren’s adminstration and clamied that they were the good old farm boys that would clean up the curruption left in the offive and turn the country around.  It seems like this is a story of the nice guy finishing last.

Provide more material on the “five civilized tribes,” particularly the Cherokees, and discuss their fate during and after the “Trail of Tears.”

 

http://www.shadowwolf.org/five_civilized_tribes.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes

http://www.nativeamericans.com/FiveCivilizedTribes.htm

 

            The Five Civilized Tribes were the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek and Seminole.  They were called civilized because they had adopted some American customs like the maintaining of plantations and slaves.  The most popular of these five tribes was the Cherokees.  They were probably the most assimilated tribe out of the five.  They actually began to adopt the lifestyles and jobs as some of the Americans in that area.  They were eventually kicked out of their land because the southern farmers felt like they needed more land to farm and grow crops especially cotton.

            The tribes were forced to move west to a land called the Indian Territory, which is now the eastern part of Oklahoma.  The most famous Indian removal was the Trail of Tears which was when President Buren gave out the Treaty of New Echota where he mad the Cherokee nation especially to exchange their property for land out west.  The Trail of Tears resulted in the death of 4000 Cherokees.  They traveled 1200 miles from the Southeast of America to Oklahoma mostly on foot.  During the emigration the Cherokees would sing the song “Amazing Grace” which would give them inspiration to improve morale.  It was translated into Cherokee by Samuel Worcester.

            Once they were in the territory, the United States government said that their land would be free of white settlers forever.  Andrew Jackson said that the land would be the Indians “as long as the grass grows and the water runs.”  This policy was violated almost immediately even before the tribes got there.  In 1893, the same year as the Trail of Tears, the government opened up the “Cherokee Strip” to outside the Oklahoma Land Run.  In 1907, they made Oklahoma a state and even to this date all five tribes have a strong presence in this state.

            During the Civil War, the Five Tribes were divided on which side to support.  The Choctaw and Chickasaw fought mostly on the Confederate side.  While the Creek, Seminole and Cherokee were split between both sides.  The Cherokees were so mad that their nation was being split up over this war that they eventually fought their own civil war between the two sides. 

Weren't the whigs smart to turn what the democrats said about Harrison against them in order to win the election, Leslie!